Facsimile synchronization loss detector



Feb. 4, 1.969 G. T. SHIMABUKUEO 3,426;148

FACSIMILE SYNCHRONIZATION LOSS DETECTOR Shet 4 of 13 Filed Oct 1, 1965 J INVENTOR. GEORGE T. SHIMABUKURO ATTOR/ME r3 Feb. 4, 1969 G. T. SHIMABUKURO 3,426,148

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FACSIMILE SYNCHRONIZATION LOSS DETECTOR Filed Oct. 1, 1965 Sheet /2 of 13 TO DIODES 204 FIG 6 FIGJZ FROM K3b FIG 92 734 735 736 PPER TO AMP. 6IO TO GATE 609 TO AMPS" TO 620 FIGJZ FIGJZ FROM DEMOD 316 Feb. 4, 1969 5. T. SHIMABUKURO 3,426,148

FACSIMILE SYNCHRONIZATION LOSS DETECTOR Sheet /J7 of 13 Filed Oct. 1, 1965 9 6R F unnuu J- L wt mu m P 1. v. 5356 \c .2: 2:: 2:2: 52822.5: momma I F -mwht2wZ mhv m t E E J v C E 0 A u E T E wiwowEo E q E LTE C C :mmzmommvo United States Patent 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE In a facsimile system, apparatus for detecting loss of synchronization between the transmitter and receiver and including means for interrupting and resetting the facsimile receiver when loss of synchronization is detected.

This invention relates to facsimile equipment and more particularly to facsimile transceivers adapted to operate through the direct distance dialing telephone network either with or without direct electrical connection thereto.

Facsimile transmission is old in the art. In the past, it has mostly been used for transmitting photographic type of information over predetermined leased transmission channels. More recently, equipment has been marketed for the high speed transmission of documents over broad band transmission channels. The present invention is particularly concerned with the economical and flexible transmission of letters, drawings and other black-white documents over ordinary voice grade telephone channels.

The equipment meeting these goals should be inexpensive and the invention accordingly, provides a facsimile transceiver wherein many of the components are shared between the transmitting and receiving function, instead of a separate transmitter and receiver.

It is desirable that the equipment be capable of transmitting documents any location where telephones are available. The invention provides a facsimile transceiver which is capable of either transmitting or receiving documents through any conventional telephone set without requiring an electrical connection thereto. The invention provides a facsimile transceiver capable of establishing synchronism with a like transceiver at a remote location independently of the character, frequency, or phase of the power line to which each may be connected.

The equipment should minimize the telephone charges associated with the transmission of the document. The invention provides equipment which does not require the operator to lease a so-called data set from the telephone company, which transmits documents in a shorter time than has heretofore been possible, and which permits the equipment operators at each end of the transmission link to terminate the telephone connection as soon as the connection is no longer actually needed or whenever transmission becomes unintelligible.

The equipment should also be capable of operating through telephone company data sets where available, to take advantage of their improved transmission capability. The invention provides a facsimile transceiver which operates with two level signals which will interface with a conventional data set intended for the transmission of digital signals through telephone lines.

The equipment should function reliably without regard to the skill of the operator. The invention provides a facsimile transceiver which requires only the insertion of a piece of paper and the dialing of a telephone call in order to provide high quality facsimile transmission.

Specific objectives will become apparent in connection with a more detailed description of the invention and the drawings related thereto.

FIGURE 1 is an exterior view of a facsimile transceiver according to the invention.

FIGURE 2 is a block diagram illustrating the functions of the invention.

FIGURE 3 is a simplified isometric view of the recordin g mechanism.

FIGURE 4 is a simplified isometric view of the transmitting mechanism.

FIGURE 5 illustrates logical circuit elements used in the subsequent figures.

FIGURE 6 shows the basic timing circuit.

FIGURE 7 shows the repetitive waveforms corresponding to FIGURE 6.

FIGURE 8 shows the transmitter and telephone trans ducer controls.

FIGURE 9 shows the transmitter logical circuitry.

FIGURE 10 shows waveforms generated in the circuit of FIGURE 9.

FIGURE 11 shows a video amplifier circuit used in FIGURES 9 and 10.

FIGURE 12 shows the printer power and control circuits.

FIGURE 13 shows an alternate form of FIGURE 12.

FIGURE 14 shows the stepping motor drive amplifier.

FIGURE 15 shows the printer logical circuits.

FIGURE 16 shows waveforms illustrating the achievement of synchronization.

FIGURE 1 shows the external appearance of a form of facsimile transceiver according to the invention. The apparatus is enclosed by a cabinet including a generally horizontal aperture 121 in its forwardly facing surface. Visibile within the aperture is a rotatable drum 122 including a clamp bar 123. Aperture 121 permits access to the drum so that an operator may fasten a sheet of paper to the drum to make a facsimile recording thereon. On top of the cabinet is a tray 124 for holding a document to be transmitted and feeding it through a slot 125 into the scanner mechanism 126. Cabinet 120 also includes a reset button and an indicator light 131. Adjacent to the cabinet 120 and connected thereto is a box 127 which is adapted to contain a standard telephone hand set and is provided with a hinged cover 128 and latch 129.

FIGURE 2 is a schematic diagram showing, in general terms, how two of the facsimile transceivers of FIGURE 1, each at a different location, may be interconnected to form a bidirectional facsimile system. It should be understood however, that the functional blocks shown in FIGURE 2 correspond in only a very general way to the circuits or circuit functions described in subsequent figures. The first step in sending a document is for the operator at one location to use his telephone to dial the corresponding telephone 135 at the other location, generally through one or more intervening telephone exchanges 136. After a normal voice connection has been confirmed by the operator at each piece of equipment, each operator places his handset 137 in box 127 and closes the cover. Either operator inserts a document through slot 125 into the scanner 126 of his unit. Scanner 126 then sends a control signal to transmit/receive circuit which, responsive to the document in scanner 126 and the handset in box 127, adapts the transceiver to the transmit mode. Scanner 126 also sends video signals to transmitter 138 which processes the signals and uses them to control the operation of scanner 126. Meanwhile, transmitter 138 combines the video signals with control signals from transmit/receive circuit 140 and introduces them into handset 137 from which they [are transmitted over the telephone line. At the same time, even though transmitting is taking place, timing and power circuit 139 is exchanging signals with printer 142 and generating further signals for processing by transmit/receive circuit 140.

At the other transceiver a signal is picked up from the corresponding handset 137 and detected by receiver 141 which causes transmit/receive circuit 140 to put the transceiver into the receive mode. The received signals also cause transmit/receive circuit 140 to control the operation of timing and power circuit 139 so as to bring printer 142 into synchronism with scanner 126 of the transmitting transceiver. The received signals are applied to printer 142 and cause it to record a facsimile of the transmitted document.

At each transceiver a supervisory circuit 143 monitors the operation of the various circuits so that a corresponding alarm sounds at each of the two transceivers when a transmission is either completed or interrupted. The alarm signals each of the two operators to lift up their handsets and talk to each other to determine whether documents are to be retransmitted, more documents are to be transmitted in either direction, or whether the telephone connection should be terminated.

It is obvious from the preceding description that an unlimited number of facsimile transceivers according to the invention may be used in connection with each other, since any one can be functionally connected with any other, for either transmitting or receiving, through the conventional switching facilities of the telephone companies. Conference call arrangements may also be used to permit one transceiver to simultaneously transmit to a number of others.

FIGURE 3 is a simplified isometric view of the printing or recording mechanism. Drum 122 is journaled for rotation in bearings, not shown, and is driven through gears 151, 152 and 153 by motor 150 which is preferably, although not necessarily a two pole synchronous motor with means, for example a permanent magnet rotor for providing a predictable relationship between electrical power phase and rotational phase. Motor 150 bears a pinion 151 which drives idler gear 152 at a 2 to 1 reduction ratio, and idler gear 152 drives drum gear 153 at a to 1 reduction ratio. Attached to drum 122 are a pair of cams 162 and 163 which actuate switches 164 and 165 respectively. The functions of these switches will be described subsequently in connection with a description of FIGURES 6 and 12. A pen carriage 154 is located adjacent to drum 122 and slideably mounted on rails 155 which are parallel to each other and to drum 122. The pen carriage 154 carries a marking tip 156 which may be urged into contact with the drum by an electromagnetic assembly 157 and urged away from the drum by spring 158. A flexible electrical cable 166 carries control voltages to the electromagnet assembly 157 and to mar-king tip 156 itself. The pen carriage 154 also engages a lead screw 159 which is incrementally driven by either a forward stepping motor 160 or reverse stepping motor 161, the two stepping motors being connected to each other and to the lead screw. In this manner, marking tip 156 can be advanced in uniform discrete increments on the order of 0.01 inch in a direction parallel to the axis of the drum in response to commands derived from circuitry which will be described later on.

Marking tip 156 may take many different forms as is known in the art. It may comprise an electrically insulated metal stylus adapted to write directly upon conventional electrolytic facsimile recording paper. The same form of stylus can be used to deposit electrostatic charge 011 an insulating sheet for subsequent development by known Xerographic techniques. A simple rmetal stylus can also be used to record directly on pressure sensitive recording paper through selective energization of electromagnet assembly 157. Various forms of apparatus for the selective deposition of liquid ink may be employed. A variable intensity focused light source may also be employed for forming a latent image on a sheet of photographic paper or the like. Any of these methods or any other suitable facsimile recording techniques may be employed with the invention.

FIGURE 4 is a simplified isometric view of a form of scanning mechanism 126. A pair of drive rolls 176 is provided with cog wheels 177, as is a stepping motor 173 which may be identical with motor or 161 of FIGURE 3. Motor 178 incrementally drives rolls 176 through a so-called timing or cogged belt 179. Each drive roll 176 cooperates with a pinch roller 180 immediately above it to feed a sheet of paper through the scanner in increments on the order of 0.01 inch. Fluorescent lamps 181, preferably operated by direct current, are positioned beneath drive rolls 176 and are provided with reflectors, not shown in this figure, to direct light upwardly against the lower surface of a sheet of paper passing through the rolls, and supported on a slit-containing platen, also not shown in this figure. A mirror galvanometer 183, including a small mirror, 184, samples light reflected from the sheet of paper and passes it through lens to photomultiplier 186 or other photosensitive device. Since the mirror galvanometer is a device adapted to rotationally oscillate the mirror about an axis, the photomultiplier 186 is enabled to scan a sampling spot back and forth in a line across a document or other sheet of paper passing through the drive rolls.

FIGURE 5 illustrates certain forms of elementary logic circuits which are widely used in subsequent figures of this specification. FIGURE 5A shows the NAND and NOR gate symbols and a suitable transistor circuit for realizing the function represented by the symbols. The illustrated NAND and NOR symbols actually denote the same circuit function, as shown, for example, in MIL- STD-806B, Feb. 26, 1962. In terms of the illustrated transistor circuit, the symbols represent the following function: the output voltage is minus 6 volts if, and only if, all inputs are at zero volts, otherwise the output is at zero volts. It is convenient to regard most of the gates in later figures as NAND gates with a 1 equal to zero volts and 0 equal to minus 6 volts. FIGURE 5B shows how two of the circuits of FIGURE 5A can be crosscoupled to provide a flip-flop circuit. The flip-flop is characterized in that it will change state only when an input voltage of minus 6 volts is applied to the appropriate input terminal. Specifically, if minus 6 volts is applied to the Reset input, then the flip-flop will be Set, i.e., the 1 output will be at zero volts and the 0 output will be at minus 6 volts. FIGURE 5C shows an obvious and self-explanatory modification of FIGURE 5B in which the flip-flop can be set to one of its states by a voltage of minus 6 volts applied to either of two coresponding inputs. FIGURE 5D shows how an inverter function is provided by the logic gate of FIGURE 5A. FIGURE 5E shows a trigger flip-flop which changes state as a result of a pulse applied to the single input terminal. In the form used in this specification, the input signal is a six volt positive going pulse and the output voltages are either zero or minus 6 volts. The illustrated transistor embodiments of the described circuit functions can be obtained in module form from the Engineered Electronics Company of Santa Ana, Calif. The NAND/ NOR circuit is their model Q-4l1 or Q-421 and the circuit of 5B represents two models Q-412 or Q-422.

The symbols and circuits of FIGURE 5 represent those chosen for use in the illustrative embodiment of the invention. The functions represented by the logic symbols can be realized by circuits of many forms obtainable from numerous manufacturers and all of which are well known in the art. Those skilled in the art will also realize that logical circuitry of the type to be shown in subsequent figures has a certain overall input-output relation which can be duplicated using different arrangements of the same basic logical elements and furthermore, that this function can be realized using quite different types of logic elements which need not even be electronic. Merely as an illustration it may be noted that AND/ OR gates may be substituted for the illustrated NAND/NOR gates and that it might even be possible thereby to simplify the described embodiment of the invention. In general, the designer will choose the type and design of his logical building blocks based on such considerations as cost, size, reliability, voltage and current requirements, speed, fan-in and fan-out capabilities, etc.

Timing circuits FIGURE 6 shows the timing circuits used to generate the timing waveforms shown in FIGURE 7, which are used in controlling the operation of the facsimile transceiver. A tuning fork or other stable oscillator 201 provides a 3840 cycle output frequency which is processed by pulse shaping circuit 202 to provide a train of positivegoing pulses at the oscillator frequency. These pulses are applied to a counter or divider chain of seven sequentially connected trigger flip-flops identified as I through VII. A higher frequency crystal oscillator with additional dividers may also be employed. For convenience the first six stages only are regarded as constituting a distinct scale of 64 counter 203 and are shown in the figure. Each counter can be simultaneously reset to zero from a common source through coupling diodes 204, but the reset function will not be described except in connection with FIGURE 15. The output of stage V1 is a 60-cycle square wave identified as signal A which is used to drive motor 150 as shown in FIGURES 3, 12 and 13. The output of stage VII is a 30-cycle square wave H. Motor 150 rotates at 3600 rpm. and drives the drum 122 at 180 r.p.m. so that one revolution requires 333 /3 milliseconds or 20 cycles of signal A. Drum 122, acting through cams 162 and 163 and switches 164 and 16S generate timing signals M, 11' and S in a manner which will be more fully shown in FIGURE 12. In terms of the rotation of drum 122, signal M is in the zero volt or logical 1 state from 355.5 to 75 and S is in the 1 state from 22 to 36. Signal H is simply the inverse of signal M. For reasons which will become apparent later, the otherwise arbitrary zero degree position of drum 122 should be chosen at a point where marking tip 156 is over clamp bar 123. Because of the fixed relationship existing between frequency divider 203 and drum 122 it is convenient to use the angular position of drum 122 for specifying the various waveforms generated in FIGURE 6. For convenience it may be noted that in the illustrated embodiment one cycle of oscillator 201 corresponds to .26 millisecond and also corresponds to .28 of rotation or drum 122. Thus, one degree of rotation corresponds to about .93 millisecond.

The 0 outputs of stages III and IV of counter 203 are combined in NAND gate 205, the output of which is inverted by inverter 210, delayed slightly by capacitor 224 and applied to AND gate 215. This signal is in the logical 1 state whenever counter 203 is at counts 0 to 3, 16 to 19, 32 to 35, or 48 to 51. Further processing of this signal will be described later.

The 0 outputs of stages V and VI of the counter are combined in AND gate 206 and the resulting signal inverted to provide signal D which is in the logical 1 state whenever divider 203 registers counts zero through fifteen, inclusive. This output, accordingly, appears 20 times per revolution at 0 to 4.5; 18 to 22.5; 36 to 40.5", etc., and is referred to as the advance clock signal.

The 0 output of stage V is combined with the 1 output of stage VI in gate 207, the output of which is inverted in inverter 212 to provide a signal which is at the logical 1 level during counts 32 to 47 inclusive. This signal is combined in NAND gate 217 with incoming signal S which is at the 1 level from 22 to 36. The output of gate 217, inverted by inverter 228, is a signal which is at the logical 1 level from 27 to 315 only and is identified as the prevideo signal S.

The 1 outputs of stages V and VI are combined in NAND gate 208 to provide a signal which is at the logical 0 level when counter 203 registers counts 48 to 63 inclusive. This signal is identified as F and is in the logical 1 level from 0 to 13.5; 18 to 315; 36 to 49.5", etc. This signal is also inverted in inverter 213 to provide a signal which is at the logical 1 level from 13.5 to 18; 31.5 to 36, etc., and is used internally as an input to gates 218, 220, 221, 222 and 223. The other input to gate 218 is the 1 input of stage IV. Accordingly, the output of gate 218 is the triple coincidence of counter stages IV, V, VI. This is inverted in inverter 229 to provide a signal which is at the logical 1 level for counts 50 to 63 inclusive or 15% to 18; 33% to 36; 51% to 54, etc.

The triple coincidence of the 1 output of stages IV, V, VI is also detected in gate 209, inverted in inverter 214, combined in gate 219 with the 1 outputs of stages II and III and finally, inverted in inverter 230. The resulting signal is accordingly at the logical 1 level for counts 62 through 63 inclusive. This signal is identified as L and appears from 359.4 to 360; 17.6 to 18; 35.6 to 36, etc.

The output of inverter 213 is also combined in gate 220 with signal S to produce a minus 6 volt output pulse extending from 315 to 36. This pulse is applied to one input of flip-flop 231. The output of inverter 213 is also combined in gate 221 with signal M to produce a minus 6 volt signal extending from 355.5 to 0. This pulse is applied to the other input of flip-flop 231. Inasmuch as the flip-flop is alternately set and reset by the signals appearing at its two input terminals, a signal at the appropriate output terminal will be at the logical one level from 31.5" to 355.5. This signal is designated as video gate signal I. The output of gate 221 is also inverted in inverter 132 to form a signal which is at the logical 1 level from 355.5 to 0 and which is referred to as video end signal E.

The output of inverter 213 is also applied to the first inputs of NAND gates 222 and 223, the outputs of which are connected to opposite input terminals of a flip-flop 233. The second input of gate 222 is connected to the signal M while the second input of gate 223 is connected to the inverse of signal M, namely M. Thus, flip-flop 233 changes state every time signal M changes state, but the change is delayed in each instance until a logical 1 signal is received from inverter 213. Accordingly, flip-flop 233 changes state at 355.5 and 13.5, rather than at 352.5 and 7.5 The output of flip-flop 233, extending from 355.5 to 135 is designated signal N.

Returning to the previously described signal D, this signal is combined in gate 216 with signal M which acts as a window to permit only one D signal per revolution to pass through. The resulting signal is inverted by inverter 227 and constitutes a signal B, which is at the logical 1 level from 0 to 4.5" only. The output of gate 216 is also applied to a delay multivibrator circuit 225 which delays it for nearly a full revolution of drum 122 to provide the signal Q shown in FIGURE 7.

Signal B is also combined in gate 215 with the previously described output of inverter 210. The negative output of gate 215 thus extends only from counts 0 to 3 of counter 203 and only at the zero degree position of drum 122. The resulting signal is inverted in inverter 226 to produce a signal designated C which is at the logical 1 level from 0 to l.13 only.

FIGURE 7 shows the above-described waveforms plus a synthesized waveform I)? which is the coincidence of the previously described F signal and the inverse of the described D signal. This composite signal extends from 45 to 13.5 22.5 to 31.5 etc. This particular waveform will be used in connection with FIGURE 9 together with certain other illustrated waveforms.

Transmitting circuits FIGURE 8 shows the scanner and telephone assemblies schematically in somewhat greater detail, together with their associated circuitry. It can be seen that the fluorescent lamps 181, shown previously in FIGURE 4, are provided with reflectors 301' and that a platen 302 is provided to support a document face down as it passes through the drive and pinch rolls 176 and 180. A slit 303 is provided in the platen between the lamps and immediately over the mirror galvanometer 183. Also shown in this figure is an aperture or stop 304 which is positioned between the lens 185 and photomultiplier 186 to limit and define the size of the sampling area which is scanned back and forth across the document by mirror galvanometer 183.

Mirror galvanometer 183 may be any suitable device capable of rapidly converting an input signal into a corresponding rotation of a mirror. Commercially available mirror galvanometers of the type sold for use in multichannel optical recording oscillographs represents a suitable device of this type. A particularly suitable device for use in the illustrated embodiment of the invention can also be made by cementing a one-half inch diameter mirror to the pen shaft of a pen recording galvanometer, catalog No. 428647-920138, manufactured by The Brush Instruments Division of the Clevite Corporation, or to the shaft of comparable devices made by the Sanborn division of Hewlett-Packard Company.

Also shown in this figure are paper detector switches 306 and 307 which are positioned to detect the presence of a sheet of paper in the scanner. Switch 306 detects the presence of a sheet of paper as it is first presented to the scanner on the left side thereof, and switch 307 detects the presence of a sheet of paper within the scanner and approximately at the position of slit 303. Switch 306 operates an associated multicontact relay K1 and switch 307 operates an associated multicontact relay K2. Switch 307 may be replaced by a time delay circuit actuated by switch 306. Operating power for these relays passes through a switch 308 which is located in telephone box 127, and which is positioned so that it will close and pass current to relays K1 and K2 only if a telephone handset is properly seated in the box. Only if switch 308 is properly closed will insertion of a piece of paper into the scanner enable switch 306 to operate relay K1. Among its other functions, relay K1 transfers a contact Kla which supplies minus 6 volts to a resistor 312, the other end of which is grounded. The voltage appearing across resistor 312 is supplied to inverter 313, the output of which is a transmitter control voltage T which is at the logical 1 level only when relay K1 is operated. This output T is used to control the operation of the transceiver in the transmit mode. When switch 308 is closed but relay K1 is not energized, minus 6 volts is applied to resistor 322 instead of resistor 312. The voltage appearing across resistor 322 is supplied to inverter 323, the output of which is at the logical 1 level only when switch 308 is closed and relay K1 is not energized and, therefore, provides a receiver control voltage R to control the operation of the transceiver in the receive mode. Relay K2 has a contact a which holds relay K1 closed as long as relay K2 is closed. Accordingly, relay K1 will remain closed as long as a document is still over slit 303 and signal T will remain at the logical 1 level for that time. Relays K1 and K2 and other relays to be described later are shown with their contacts in the de-energized state of the relay. The relay contacts are not necessarily shown in physical proximity to the relay coil symbol.

Drive motor 178 is shown in association with a pair of drive coils 305. Many types of stepping motors may be used for motor 178, or motors 160 and 161. They may be, for example, an ordinary electrical solenoid associated with a pawl and ratchet drive, a rotary solenoid associated with a one-way drive clutch, a driving mechanism of a conventional stepping relay, or the so-called Cyclonome stepping motor sold by Sigma Instruments, Inc. 'llhis latter type is preferred and, as is well known, incorporates a pair of driving coils, corresponding to reference character 305, which are energized alternately by means to be shown in FIGURE 14.

Photomultiplier 186 is connected to a gated squaring amplifier 321, more fully illustrated in FIGURE 11.

The energization of galvanometer 183 is controlled by a contact b of relay K2 so that the galvanometer is enabled to operate whenever a document is in position above the slit 303. The galvanometer drive power comes from either a prescan generator 319 or a scan generator 320, under the control of relay K6, which is under the control of the circuits of FIGURE 9. Scan generator 320 provides a linear ramp voltage which is synchronized with the rotation of drum 122 by means of incoming signal .7 from FIG. 6. Prescan generator 319 filters and amplifies the incoming 30-cycle square wave H from FIG. 6 to provide a 30-cycle sine wave signal which has ten cycles or twenty half-cycles per revolution of drum 122. A triangular wave would also be suitable. Suitable circuits for generators 319 and 320 are to be found in FIGURES 7 and 8, respectively, of SN. 471,799, filed July 14, 1965. The reasons for providing both a high speed and a low speed scanning waveform will become apparent later in the specification and are also set forth in said S.N. 471,799, filed July 14, 1965.

Referring to telephone box 127, there is provided a small loudspeaker 309 and a soft annular gasket 310 to seal the loudspeaker 309 to the microphone unit of handset 137. Loudspeaker 309 is connected through a relay K4 to modulator 314. Relay K4 is operated by switch 308 so as to connect the modulator to the loudspeaker only when the transceiver is in the transmitting mode. The modulator may be of any of the varieties known to the art. A highly satisfactory form of modulator comprises a voltage controlled rnultivibrator oscillator followed by an audio amplifier, such that sound at 1300 cycles is applied to the telephone for one of the levels of a two-level input signal applied to the modulator, and sound of about 2300 cycles for the other input level. This arrangement has proven very satisfactory for introducing facsimile signals into a telephone circuit without making an electrical connection thereto. When the transceiver is not in the transmit mode, loudspeaker 309 is disconnected from modulator 314 and is connected through relay K4 to an alarm tone generator 315 which is controlled from the alarm circuits of FIGURE 13 and supplies a lower frequency sound, i.e., 800 cycles, into the telephone.

An inductive pickup coil 311 is provided in telephone box 127 under the earphone end of handset 137 to pick up incoming signals. The coil may be of the shape shown and may be comprised, for example of 7900 turns of #34 insulated wire with an inductance of about 2.2 henries at 1000 cycles. It has been found that there is sufiicient leakage flux from a telephone receiver, particularly those used in the Western Electric 500 subscriber set, to permit efiicient signal pickup by means of the illustrated coil. As an alternative, particularly where the facsimile equipment must be used with other types of telephone instruments having well shielded receivers, pickup coil 311 may be replaced by a microphone acoustically coupled to handset 137 for picking up the acoustic signals radiated by the handset. The signals from coil 311, or from the microphone, are demodulated in a demodulator 316 of a type appropriate for use with the selected form of modulator 314 to produce an output signal corresponding to the input signal to modulator 314. If desired, coil 311 can also be used to couple signals into a telephone for transmission. A terminal 317 is also provided on the output side of demodulator 316 to permit the direct reception of facsimile signals from a telephone company data set or the like, as an alternative to signal transmission via a conventional telephone subscriber set, as shown in FIGURE 8. A very sharply tuned, narrow band demodulator 31 8 is also connected to pickup coil 311 to provide an output signal responsive to detection of a selected tone transmitted by alarm tone generator 315.

Voice grade telephone lines are a convenient facsimile transmission medium because of their universal availability, but provide a far from ideal transmission medium for facsimile or other data type signals. For this reason it is desirable in modulator 314 and demodulator 316 to provide the technical refinements which are known to the art, in order to maximize the quality of transmitted images and the speed at which they can \be transmitted. While not a part of this invention, it has been found desirable to pass the facsimile signals intended for transmission through a low pass filter to eliminate abrupt transitions and shift the signal power spectrum toward lower frequencies and to apply this filtered signal to an FM or frequency shift (FSK) oscillator, such as a voltage controlled multivibrator, which has linear output frequency versus input signal characteristics. At demodulator 316, it is desirable to employ delay equalization to compensate for the nonuniform delay versus frequency characteristics of a typical telephone channel, and to apply the resulting phase delay compensated signal to a wide band frequency modulation or frequency shift detector to derive a suitable output signal. With these refinements it is possible to achieve high quality facsimile transmission, making eifective use of the national switched telephone network, even allowing for the inevitable signal degradation involved in transducing the facsimile output signal through a loudspeaker into the carbon microphone of a telephone and in transducing the input signal from an imperfect telephone receiver. Other forms of modulation, such as amplitude modulation or vestigial sideband modulation may also be employed.

FIGURE 9 shows the logical circuitry which is used to control the operation of the facsimile scanner and to generate an appropriate facsimile signal for transmission. As an aid in understanding the operation of the illustrated circuits, the paths of the principal transmitted signals, as opposed to internal control signals, are shown in bold lines. There are four of these signals which are combined in a four input NOR gate consisting of gates 402 and 405, gated against the transmit control signal in gate 406, and applied to the modulator 314, previously described in connection with FIGURE 8. A terminal 422 is also provided to permit these signals to be applied directly to a data set. The first of these signals is the facsimile video signal itself, which is a two-level signal derived by amplifier 321 from the output of photomultiplier 186 which is, in turn, related point by point to the density of a document being scanned with the aid of mirror galvanometer 1 83', This signal is gated in NAND gates 401 and 403. One of these gating signals is the signal I which prevents the video signal from ever getting through to NOR gate 402 in the interval from 355.5 to 315 of the drum rotation of drum 122, this period being allotted to the scanning of clamp bar 123 and for the transmission of certain control signal. The next signal of significance is the previously described once per revolution prevideo signal G which is gated in NAND gate 416 by an output of advance control flip-flop 414. The third signal is the times per revolution advance clock signal D which is gated on and off in NAND gate 418 by the other output of flip-flop 414 from that used to control the prevideo signal in gate 416. The fourth signal is E which is a one time per revolution signal and the inverse of the previously described B signal. This signal, unlike the others, is applied directly to the NOR gates 419 and 405 without inversion in a prior NAND gate. This signal must pass through a normally open contact of relay K1 and a normally closed contact of relay K2.

In addition to generating a composite video signal for transmission, the circuit of FIGURE 9 generates two other important signals for internal use. One of these signals is a composite of the D and B signals only, from the transmitted video signal. This signal is generated by means of a NAND gate 419 which has the same input connections and NAND gate 405', and the output of which is gated in NAND gate 420 by the transmit control signal, in the same manner as the composite video signal is gated by gate 406. 'Ilhis signal is applied, through circuits shown in FIGURE 12, to the scanner stepping motor 178, shown in FIGURE 8. Later, it will be shown that this component of the transmitted video signal causes pen carriage 154 at a remote connected transceiver to advance incremently in synchronism with the document advance in the transmitting transceiver. The other signal produced in FIGURE 9 is the output of scan control flip-flop 410 which is applied to relay K6 in FIGURE 8 to control the operation of mirror galvanometer 183 between the slow, one-linear scan per revolution mode, and the fast scan mode in which twenty back and forth scans are made per revolution.

The circuit of FIGURE 9 commences to function when a telephone is placed in box 127 of FIGURE 8 and a document is inserted into the scanner actuating switch 306, also of FIGURE 8. This Will energize relay K1, closing contact Kla in FIGURE 9 and permitting signal E to pass through normally closed contact K20 and through gates 405 and 406 for transmission to a remote transceiver, This same signal is also transmitted through gates 419 and 420 to the apparatus of FIGURE 12 from which it returns to stepping motor 178 of FIG- URE 8 to operate the motor at a rate of 1 incremental advance per revolution of drum 122, i.e. three advances per second. The transmitted signal under the described conditions is shown in FIGURE 1011. When a document has advanced to the position of switch 307, relay K2 will be energized thus opening normally closed contact K20 and interrupting the transmission of the B signals. At the same time, contact KZb (FIGURE 8) will close and commence the scanning operation of mirror galvanometer 183.

At this point, it is necessary to consider the signals emanating from photomultiplier amplifier 321 as well as the initial states of control flip-flops 408, 410, 414 and 417. Assuming that the apparatus is to be adapted for use with ordinary documents having black on white information, rather than thereverse, the output of amplifier 321 will be at the logical 1 level, i.e., zero volts, When the photomultiplier is looking at a black element of the document and at the logical 0 level, i.e., minus 6 volts, when the photomultiplier is looking at a white background element. Initially, i.e., before photomultiplier 186 sees any printed material or the like, flip-flops 408, 410, 414 and 417 will be in the l, 0, l, and 1 states, respectively. This can be verified by examining a subsequent discussion of the operation of the circuit when photomultiplier 186 scans completely blank lines on the document after having scanned lines containing marks, printing or the like. Under the initial conditions, flip-flop 410 acting through gate 404.prevents any signals from amplifier 321 from being transmitted and also leaves relay K6 in FIGURE 8 de-energized so that galvanometer 183 is connected to prescan generator 319. Flipfiop 414 enables D signals to pass through gate 418 and to be transmitted through gates 405 and 406. This same signal is also transmitted through gates 419 and 420 to operate stepping motor .178 in FIG- URE 8. Finally, flip-flop 414 also disables gate 416 and prevents prevideo signal G from being transmitted. The transmitted signal under the described conditions is shown in FIGURE 10b. Under these conditions, the transmitted document is advanced at the rate of 60 increments per second, which is 20 times as fast as lines can be recorded on drum 122. As will be shown later, pen carriage 154 is advanced at this same rapid rate in a remotely connected matching transceiver.

As soon as a black area is detected in the document being scanned, the operation of the circuit of FIGURE 9 becomes quite different. The absence or reduction of light signal is enabled to pass through gate 403 to set flip-flop 408 to the state and thereby reset flip-flop 410 to the 1 state. The new state of flip-flop 410 causes galvanometer 103 to be connected to the slow scan generator 320 rather than the fast prescan generator. At the next coincidence of the D and F signals (see FIGURE 7) the logical 1 level at the 0 output of flip-flop 408 is enabled to pass through gate 411 to set flip-flop 414 to the 0 state, thereby preventing any further advance clock signals D from passing through gate 418, but permitting the next D signal to set flip-flop 408 to the 1 state through gate 407. No further signals are transmitted until the next appearance of prevideo signal G. The transmitted signals during a drum revolution of this type are shown in FIGURE 100. At the next appearance of the prevideo signal G the level at the 0 output of flip-flop 414 is enabled to pass through gate 416 to set flip-flop 417 to the 0 condition and at the same time the G signal is applied to NOR gate 402 and passes through gate 406 for transmission. The 0 output of flip-flop 417 is applied to gate 404 and directly thereafter (see FIGURE 7) video gate signal I is applied to gate 401. The combined presence at gates 401 and 404 of signal I, the 0 output of flip-flop 417, and the 1 output of flip-flop 410 enables the video signals from amplifier 321 to pass through gates 401 and 404 and through gate 406 for transmission. The remainder of this revolution, or slow scan cycle, is given over to the transmission of video information detected by photomultiplier 186, as shown in FIGURE d. It should be noted that the line now being scanned by galvanometer 183 is the same line which was scanned once before at a more rapid rate under control of prescan generator 319, since the initial and immediate etlect of the detection of a black area in the transmitted document was to prevent any further advance clock pulses D from either being transmitted to a remote transceiver or from being applied to stepping motor 178.

At the end of a slow scan of the type shown in FIG- URE 10d, the video signal E passes through gate 415 and sets flip-flop 414 to the 1 condition, whereby the next advance clock signal D is enabled to pass through gate 418. At the same time, 6 sets flip-flop 417 to the 1 state and short master signal C is enabled'to pass through gate 409 to reset flip-flop 410 to the 0 state and once again enables video signals from squaring amplifier 321 to reach flip-flop 408. Galvanometer 183 is now again connected to prescan generator 319 which is phased with respect to the slow scan generator 320 so as to provide a rapid retrace following the slow scan. If no black areas are detected in the document being transmitted during this retrace interval, the galvanometer will continue to be driven by the fast prescan generator 319 and advance clock signal D will be transmitted through gate 418 after each fast scan. The transmitted waveform will then be as shown in FIGURE 10d. However, as soon as a black area is detected, the circuit of FIGURE 9 will revert to the slow scan mode already described and the transmitted signal for the remainder of the slow scan cycle will be as in FIGURE 10c. If a black area is detected along the very next scan line the transmitted waveform will be as in FIGURE 10s.

The operation of the facsimile transceiver in the transmit mode can now be described in a simplier way. In the absence of black areas or other marks which the photomultiplier and amplifier are designed to detect, a document will be rapidly scanned alternately from left to right and from right to left. No video information will be transmitted in this condition but characteristic advance signals will be transmitted and will also be directed to the transmitter stepping motor to advance a document one increment at the end of each scan. If a black area is detected during a fast scan, then the document is not advanced any further, a document advance signal is not transmitted, and the scanning action reverts to the slow mode. When the scanning mechanism, i.e., galvanometer 183, reaches the time and position at which a slow scan is about to commence, a characteristic prevideo alerting signal is transmitted and thereafter video signals corresponding to the scan are transmitted. At the end of the slow scan the document is advanced one increment, a paper advance signal is transmitted, and the galvanometer executes a rapid retrace during which video signals are not transmitted. If information is detected during the retrace, then a further slow scan is made and further paper advances or advance signals are withheld until the end of the slow scan. If no information is detected during the fast scan retrace, then the document is advanced at the end of the retrace, an advanced signal is transmitted, and further rapid scans and advances are made until such time as black areas or other information are detected. In this way, every elemental line of the document which contains information is scanned twice, first with a rapid scan and then with a slow scan during which video signals are transmitted. Lines bearing no information are merely scanned rapidly once. In this way a document can be scanned many times more rapidly than as usual where all areas of the document are scanned at normal speeds compatible with the transmission medium being employed, i.e., a telephone circuit. It will be appreciated that when scanning printed matter and particularly typewritten letters and the like, the majority of the scan lines will traverse only blank paper.

In a typical facsimile transceiver corresponding to the illustrated embodiment, the vertical resolution will be on the order of scan lines per inch and the horizontal resolution, along the scan lines, will be approximately the same. This level of resolution is generally accepted as being adequate for transmitting printing, typing, handwriting, drawings and the like without loss of information and with an aesthetically acceptable level of quality. Increasing the resolution increases the quality of reproduced images but also increases the time required to transmit a document. It has been found, on the other hand, that skipping alternate scan lines, while maintaining horizontal resolution unaltered, halves the time required to transmit a document and provides intelligible, if less pleasing, facsimile copies where the original subject matter is in the nature of printing or typing. Means are provided to accomplish this result solely at the discretion of the transmitter operator by including switch 421, gate 412 and inverter 413. With switch 421 open the circuit of FIGURE 9 operates as previously described. In particular, at the end of a slow scan flip-flop 414 is set to permit a single advance clock pulse D at the 0 degree position to be transmitted and to actuate stepping motor 178. I mmediately after this pulse has been transmitted the D F signal passes through gate 411, resets flip-flop 414, and prevents the next D signal from passing through gate 418. With switch 421 closed, however, inverter 413 is connected with gate 411 and the two together function as a four input NAND gate. Now, the 30-cycle square wave, signal E, is inverted in gate 412 and applied to inverter 413 and prevents the reset signal from being applied to fiip-flop 414 during the critical period from 18 to 36 of rotation of drum 122. This is the period in which the second D pulse appears. Accordingly, in this mode of operation two consecutive advance pulses are transmitted and also applied to stepping motor 178 before prevideo signal G is transmitted. A typical transmitted waveform in this mode of operation is shown in FIGURE 10]. Thus, a document receives two incremental advances between each slow scan.

The double skipping feature is valuable as described but may cause narrow horizontal lines or the like to be completely missed when the transmitter is operating in this double skipping mode. The reference to narrow horizontal lines is intended to cover those markings which would be detected along only a single scan line. With the transceiver operating in the fast skipping mode as shown in FIGURE b, detection of information will cause the flip-flop 414 to !be reset almost immediately and prevent further transmission of advance clock signals D, as shown in FIGURE 100. With switch 421 closed, however, there would ordinarily be a 50% probability that the signal 3 would be at the wrong level and thus delay the resetting of flip-flop 414 and permitting the transmission of one additional advance clock signal D. The ensuing slow scan would therefore not be of the line in which the information was detected but instead the next subsequent line. This situation is substantially prevented by connecting the signal 3 to the other terminal of gate 412, which is conveniently considered as a NOR gate. Wlhen double skipping from one black containing line to another the circuit works exactly as previously described, T being at the 0 volt level in the relevant time interval. However, when information is first detected within a sequence of fast scans, T will be at the minus 6 volt level, and F F will be enabled to reset advance control flip-flop 4 14 regardless of the state of signal if, thus preventing the transmission of further advance signals D.

FIGURE 11 is a simplified schematic diagram of the photomultiplier amplifier 321. An inverting voltage amplifier 501 amplifies the photomultiplier output and provides a signal which is more positive when the photomultiplier looks at a white or background area and more negative when it looks at a black area. This output signal is coupled to ground through capacitor 502 and rectifier 503 which together function as a peak rectifier providing an output voltage clamped to zero volts in background areas and negative in black areas. This voltage is coupled by resistors 505 and 506 to the normally positively biased base of pnp transistor 507. When the photomultiplier looks at a black area amplifier 501 will produce a negative output signal which, will cause transistor 507 to conduct and develop a 0 output from limiting post-amplifier 508. At other times the output of amplifier 508 is limited to minus 6 volts. During the time that photomultiplier 186 would otherwise be looking at the edges of a document or other portions which are not transmitted, transistor 504 is gated oif by signal I as a result of which capacitor 502 is not further charged but holds its charge in accordance with the time constant determined by its value and that of resistors 505 and 506, i.e., remembers the background level. Accordingly, the output from amplifier 321 is a signal which is reliably at the preselected logical 1 value when black is being scanned and logical "0 when white is being scanned. It will be realized that more complex black/white decision making circuitry may also be employed such as that disclosed in copending applications Ser. No. 329,640, filed Dec. 11, 1963, or Ser. No. 461,693, filed June 7, 1965.

Receiver and alarm circuits FIGURE 12 shows the power and control circuits of the printer portion of the transceiver. Recording drum 122 is driven by a motor 150 as already shown in FIGURE 3. Motor 150- is operated by signal A from FIGURE 6, after suitable amplification by a power amplifier 601. Pen carriage 154 is mounted on a lead screw .159 driven by stepping motors 160 and 161 as also shown in FIGURE 3. In this figure, the individual drive coils 606 for motor 160 and 607 for motor 161 are shown. The stepping motors used to incrementally drive lead screws 159 may be of any suitable type as disclosed in connection with stepping motor 178. In the described embodiment stepping motors 160 and 161 may be of the Cyclonome type manufactured by Sigma Instruments, as previously described in connection with stepping motor 178. A unitary assembly of two of these uni-directional stepping motors mounted back-to-back on a common shaft is avail-able under the designation Model 9AH. The stepping motors are driven by pulses applied in alternation to the two drive coils and a special amplifier 608, shown in greater detail in FIGURE 14, is provided to generate the necessary drive pulses. The output of this amplifier is connected to contacts b and c of relay K1 (FIGURE 8) which direct the pulses to either the recorder stepping motors of FIG- URE 12 or the transmitter stepping motor of FIGURE 8. When a document is not being transmitted relay K1 will not be energized and the contacts will be in the illustrated position wherein amplifier 608 is connected to the printing components rather than the transmitting components.

A further set of relay contacts K311 and K3e determine whether the pulses are applied to forward stepping motor or reverse stepping motor 161. Relay K3 is illustrated in this figure and will be described. To complete the description of this portion of the figure, it is noted that a further contact on relay K3 enables amplifier 608 to be driven either by the D pulses from FIGURE 6 or by pulses from a NOR gate 609 which is connected both to gate 420 of FIGURE 9 and to gates 734 and 735 of FIGURE 15, yet to be described. The pulses derived from FIGURE 9 are intended to be applied to stepping motor 178 of FIGURE 8 and this is accomplished through previously described relay contacts Klb and Klc which switch the output of amplifier 608. The pulses from the circuit of FIGURE 15 are the pulses intended to operate stepping motor 160 and will pass from amplifier 608 to motor 160 through the previously described relay contacts when a document is not being transmitted.

A power amplifier 610 amplifies the printing or video signal from FIGURE 15 and applies it to the marking tip 156 and an amplifier 611 amplifies the pen engage signal from FIGURE 15 and applies it to the electromagnetic assembly 157 of pen carriage 154.

Cams 162 and 163 are associated with drum 122 as previously shown in FIGURE 3. A voltage of minus 6 volts is applied through switch 164 to grounded resistor 602, and through switch 165 to grounded resistor 604, the switches being actuated by cams 162 and 163 respectively. The voltage appearing directly across resistor 602 is the previously described control voltage M and this voltage when inverted in inverter 603 is control voltage M. Similarly, the voltage across resistor 604 is inverted in inverter 605 and becomes control voltage S. These voltages are used to control the timing circuits of FIGURE 6 and their functions have already been described. It will be understood that there are many other ways of deriving such control voltages from the rotation of drum 122. Magnetic proximity switches, photoelectric detectors and the like could be used equally as well as the illustrated cam operated switches. Furthermore, a switch or the like may be used to initiate a control signal at a desired position of drum 122 and a multi-vibrator circuit of the like may then be used to determine the duration of the signal. It will also be understood that the functions of switches 164 and 165 may be performed through use of additional divided stages, gating circuits and the like in FIGURE 6. However, the illustrated method of deriving these signals is particularly simple, economical, and reliable.

Limit switches 612 and 613 are positioned adjacent the ends of lead screw 159 and are adapted to be engaged by pen carriage 154 to the left and right limits of travel. Switch 6'13 has a normally open contact which is closed by contact with the pen carriage at the of the normal travel of carriage 154 and switch 612 has a normally closed contact which is opened by the pen carriage as it returns to the starting position. The closing of switch 613 energizes relay K3 which causes contact a to close and maintain relay K3 energized through a circuit including switch 612. The energization of relay K3 causes the input of drive amplifier 608 to be connected to D signals from FIGURE 6 and causes the output of the driver amplifier 

